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Computer Science

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Computer Science and Its areas



Computer Science is the study of computers and computational systems. Unlike electrical and computer engineering, computer science deal mostly with software and software systems which include their theory, design, development, and application.


Principal areas of study within Computer Science include artificial intelligence(Ai), computer systems, and networks, security, database systems, human-computer interaction, vision and graphics, numerical analysis, programming languages, software engineering, bioinformatics, and theory of computing.

Artificial Intelligence(AI):

Unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals(which involves consciousness and emotionality), Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines. Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1955. and since then has experienced several waves of optimism, disappointment, and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches, success, and renewed funding. Artificial intelligence once again attracted widespread global attention after Alpha Go successfully defeated a professional Go player in 2015. Now AI techniques have experienced a resurgence following concurrent advances in computer power, large amounts of data, and theoretical understanding; and AI techniques have become an essential part of the technology industry, helping to solve many challenging problems in computer science, software engineering, and operations research.

Computer systems:

Computer System is a collection of entities(hardware, software, and liveware) that are designed to receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful format.

  • Computer hardware: Computer hardware Are physical parts/ intangible parts of a computer. eg Input devices, output devices, central processing unit, and storage devices
  • Computer software: Computer software is also known as programs or applications. They are classified into two classes namely - system software and application software
  • Liveware: Liveware is the computer user. Also, known as orgwareor the humanware. The user commands the computer system to execute instructions.

Networks:

A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. As an example Internet connects millions of people all over the world. There are mainly four types of computer networks.
  • LAN(Local Area Network)
  • PAN(Personal Area Network)
  • MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
  • WAN(Wide Area Network)

Security:

Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security is the protection of computer systems and networks from the theft of or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. (Wikipedia)

Database systems:

A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. This data is accessed by a Database Management System (DBMS) which consists of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database.

Human-Computer interaction:

Human-computer interaction(HCI) is a multidisciplinary field of study focusing on the design of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans and computers.

Vision and graphics:

Visual computing is a generic term for all computer science disciplines dealing with images and 3D models, such as computer graphics, image processing, visualization, computer vision, virtual and augmented reality, and video processing.

Numerical analysis:

Numerical analysis, an area of mathematics and computer science that creates, analyzes, and implements algorithms for obtaining numerical solutions to problems involving continuous variables. Numerical analysis is concerned with all aspects of the numerical solution of a problem, from the theoretical development and understanding of numerical methods to their practical implementation as reliable and efficient computer programs.

Programming languages:

Computer programming languages allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer understands. Just as many human-based languages exist, there are an array of computer programming languages that programmers can use to communicate with a computer. Some of those languages are:

Software engineering:

Software engineering is a detailed study of engineering to the design, development and maintenance of software. Software engineering was introduced to address the issues of low-quality software projects.

Bioinformatics:

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field bringing together biology, computer science, mathematics, statistics, and information theory to analyze biological data for interpretation and prediction. One popular approach is to develop a predictive computer model from a database of known gene sequences and use the resulting model to predict where genes are likely to be in newly generated sequence information.

Theory of computing:

The theory of computation is the branch that deals with what problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm, how efficiently they can be solved, or to what degree (e.g., approximate solutions versus precise ones).
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