Unveiling the Marvels of Beryllium: A Journey into the Element's Fascinating World

Beryllium

Welcome, science enthusiasts, to another captivating exploration into the wonders of the periodic table! Today, we set our sights on a remarkable element known as Beryllium. Despite its unassuming appearance, this element harbours intriguing properties and applications that promise to dazzle and inspire.

Unraveling the Mystique of Beryllium

What is Beryllium?

Beryllium, with the atomic number 4 and symbol Be, is one of the lightest metals in the periodic table. Its name is derived from the mineral beryl, which was first isolated.

Properties of Beryllium:

Let's delve into the fascinating characteristics that define this remarkable element:

Property	Description
Atomic Number	4
Atomic Symbol	Be
Atomic Mass	9.012182 u
Melting Point	1560 K (1287 °C, 2349 °F)
Boiling Point	2742 K (2469 °C, 4476 °F)
Density	1.85 g/cm3(R.T.) 1.690 g/cm3(When Liquid)
Color	Steel gray
Hardness	Extremely hard
Conductivity	Excellent thermal and electrical conductivity
Toxicity	Highly toxic when inhaled in the form of dust

Applications of Beryllium:

Despite its toxicity in certain forms, Beryllium finds extensive use in various industries, thanks to its unique properties:

• Aerospace and Defense: Beryllium's lightweight and high-strength qualities make it an ideal choice for aerospace components and missile guidance systems.
• Electronics: Its excellent thermal conductivity and low neutron absorption make Beryllium a crucial component in nuclear reactors and X-ray equipment.
• Telecommunications: Beryllium-based alloys are used in satellite systems and communication devices for their exceptional rigidity and thermal stability.

Exploring the World of Beryllium

As we journey deeper into the realm of Beryllium, we uncover a realm of possibilities that underscore its importance across diverse fields. From aerospace advancements to groundbreaking innovations in electronics, the impact of this unassuming element reverberates far and wide, shaping the course of scientific progress.

In conclusion, Beryllium stands as a testament to the boundless wonders of the periodic table, beckoning us to delve deeper into its mysteries and unlock the secrets it holds. So, let us embrace the allure of Beryllium and continue our relentless pursuit of scientific discovery.

Briefing:

Explore the wonders of Beryllium in our latest blog post on Only Science 360. Beryllium Science Chemistry Innovation Periodic Table

ChatGPT: What you do not know!

Introduction:

ChatGPT is an innovative and cutting-edge artificial intelligence program that has been trained by OpenAI. This program is designed to engage with users in a conversational manner and provide them with useful information on a wide range of topics. ChatGPT uses machine learning algorithms to understand the context of a conversation and provide relevant responses, making it a handy tool for anyone looking to learn something new or get help with a particular problem.

What is ChatGPT?

ChatGPT is a large language model that has been trained on a massive dataset of text from the internet. It uses a neural network architecture that allows it to understand natural language input and generate appropriate responses. The model was trained using unsupervised learning, meaning that it was given no specific task to complete but rather left to explore and learn patterns in the data on its own. This training method has allowed ChatGPT to develop a remarkable ability to understand the nuances of language and generate responses that are both accurate and relevant.

How does ChatGPT work?

When a user engages with ChatGPT, they are presented with a chat interface where they can input their questions or statements. ChatGPT then uses algorithms to analyze the input and determine the best response. The program uses a technique known as a transformer to encode the input and generate a corresponding output. These transformers allow ChatGPT to understand the context of a conversation and provide more accurate and relevant responses. Additionally, ChatGPT has been pre-trained on a wide range of topics, allowing it to provide information on everything from mathematics to history to current events.

Why is ChatGPT important?

ChatGPT represents a significant advancement in the field of artificial intelligence and has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with technology. The program has many potential applications, from customer service to education to personal assistants. It can provide users with real-time information on a wide range of topics and help them solve problems in a more efficient and effective manner. Additionally, ChatGPT has the ability to learn and adapt over time, making it an even more valuable resource as it continues to evolve.

Conclusion:

ChatGPT is an impressive and highly innovative program that represents a significant step forward in the field of artificial intelligence. Its ability to engage with users in a conversational manner and provide accurate and relevant responses makes it an incredibly useful tool for anyone looking to learn something new or solve a particular problem. As technology continues to evolve, ChatGPT is likely to play an increasingly important role in our lives, providing us with real-time information and assistance whenever we need it.

#chatGPT #AI #artificialintelligence #evilangel #canI #what #which #how

Quadrant (beecrowd-->1115) Problem Solution

Here we are going to solve the problem 1115-Quadrant. We will divide this process into certain sections to make it easier. And it will also help us solve other problems faster.

The problem:

Write a program to read the coordinates (X, Y) of an indeterminate number of points in the Cartesian system. For each point write the quadrant to which it belongs. The program finishes when at least one of two coordinates is NULL (in this situation without writing any message).

Input

The input contains several test cases. Each test case contains two integer numbers.

Output

For each test case, print the corresponding quadrant to which these coordinates belong, as in the example.

Understanding the problem:

Write a program to read the coordinates (X, Y) of an indeterminate number of points in the Cartesian system.

In this line, it is said that you have to read the coordinates of some points with the x-axis and y-axis values. The number of points is indeterminate. So we understand that we don't know how many inputs will be given. But every time there will be two numbers (X and Y). This tells us to create a loop. But running an infinite loop is not very good. In this case, we will run this loop maximum of 100 times. So what we get is:

For each point write the quadrant to which it belongs. The program finishes when at least one of two coordinates is NULL (in this situation without writing any message).

Now that we took the inputs (X Y), we have to analyze them. Here it says to search for the quadrant the point belongs to. And when one of the axis values will be 0 we will break the loop which will end the program.  We can see in the image below the values of x and y in each quadrant.

So our conditions for checking which quadrant the point is in will be:

Now that we understand the problem we can write the program. The full Solution is:

Lithium - Only Science

Lithium

Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. The name Lithium came from Greek: λίθος, romanized: lithos, lit. 'stone'. It is a soft and silvery-white alkali metal. It is the least dense metal and the least dense solid element under standard conditions. Lithium is highly reactive and flammable.

Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications as heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lithium grease lubricants, flux additives for iron, steel, and aluminum production, lithium batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. These uses take up more than three-quarters of lithium production.

In 1817, Johan August Arfwedson, then working in the laboratory of the chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, detected the presence of a new element while analyzing petalite ore. This element formed compounds similar to those of sodium and potassium, although its carbonate and hydroxide were less soluble in water and less alkaline. Berzelius gave the alkaline material the name "lithion/lithina", from the Greek word "λιθoς"  which transliterated as lithos, meaning "stone", to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral, as opposed to potassium, which had been discovered in plant ashes, and sodium, which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood. He named the metal inside the material "lithium".

Physical properties
Appearance	Silvery White
Atomic weight	6.94
Atomic number	3
Group	Group 1-> Hydrogen and Alkali metals
Period	Period 2
Block	s-block*
Electron configuration*	1s2 2s1
Electrons per shell	2, 1
Phase at STP(Standard Temperature and Pressure)	Solid
Melting point	453.65 K ​or 180.50 °C or ​356.90 °F.
Boiling point	1603 K ​or 1330 °C or ​2426 °F.
Density at room temperature when liquid	0.534 g/cm3 0.512 g/cm3
Triple point*	2.177 K, ​5.043 kPa
Critical point*	3220 K, 67 MPa
The heat of fusion (H2)	3.00 kJ.mol-1
Heat of vaporization	136 kJ.mol-1
Molar heat capacity	24.860 J(mol·K)-1
Vapor pressure	1 Pa: 797 10 Pa: 885 100 Pa: 995 1000 Pa: 1144 10000 Pa: 1337 100000 Pa: 1610

Atomic properties
Oxidation states*	+1 (a strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity*	Pauling scale-> 0.98
Ionization energies*	1st--> 520.2 kJ/mol 2nd--> 7298.1 kJ/mol 3rd--> 11815.0 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	152 pm
Covalent radius*	128 ± 7 pm
Van der Waals radius*	182 pm

 

1.  A block of the periodic table is a set of elements unified by the orbitals their valence electrons or vacancies lie in.
2.  The electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons in energy levels around an atomic nucleus.
3.  The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
4.  A critical point is the endpoint of a phase equilibrium curve.
5.  The oxidation state sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound.
6.  Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons to itself.
7.  In physics and chemistry, ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule.
8. The Atomic Radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding shells of electrons.
9.  The covalent radius is a measure of the size of an atom that forms part of one covalent bond.
10.  The Van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard-sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom.

Source: Wikipedia, Brittanica

Helium

Helium is that the element with the symbol He and no 2. With a typical relative mass of 4.002602. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas. It has the lowest boiling and melting point amongst all other elements. Helium is present at about 24% of the total elemental mass. This amount is more than 12 times of all the heavier elements combined. 

The first evidence of helium was observed on August 18, 1868. It was observed as a bright yellow line with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers in the spectrum of the chromosphere of the Sun. The line was detected by French astronomer Jules Janssen during a total solar eclipse in Guntur, India.

Physical properties
Appearance	A colorless gas, exhibiting a gray, cloudy glow when placed in an electric field or reddish-orange if an especially high voltage is used
Atomic weight	4.003
Atomic number	2
Group	Group 18: Noble gases
Period	Period 1
Block	s-block*
Electron configuration*	1s2
Electrons per shell	2
Phase at STP(Standard Temperature and Pressure)	Gas
Melting point	0.95 K, −272.20 °C, ​−457.96 °F (at 2.5 MPa)
Boiling point	4.222 K, −268.928 °C, ​−452.070 °F
Density at STP when liquid (at m.p.) when liquid (at b.p.)	0.1786 g/L 0.145 g/cm3 0.125 g/cm3
Triple point*	2.177 K, ​5.043 kPa
Critical point*	5.1953 K, 0.22746 MPa
The heat of fusion (H2)	0.0138 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	0.0829 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	20.78 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure	100 Pa: 1.23 K 1000 Pa: 1.67 K 10000 Pa: 2.48 K 100000 Pa: 4.21 K

Atomic properties
Oxidation states*	0
Electronegativity*	Pauling scale- No data
Ionization energies*	1st: 2372.3 kJ/mol 2nd: 5250.5 kJ/mol
Covalent radius*	28 pm
Van der Waals radius*	140 pm

 

1.  A block of the periodic table is a set of elements unified by the orbitals their valence electrons or vacancies lie in.
2.  The electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons in energy levels around an atomic nucleus.
3.  The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
4.  A critical point is the endpoint of a phase equilibrium curve.
5.  The oxidation state sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound.
6.  Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons to itself.
7.  In physics and chemistry, ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule.
8.  The covalent radius is a measure of the size of an atom that forms part of one covalent bond.
9.  The Van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard-sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom.

Source: Wikipedia, Brittanica

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is that the element with the symbol H and no 1. With a typical relative mass of 1.008, hydrogen is that the lightest element within the table. Hydrogen is that the foremost abundant chemical substance within the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen within the plasma state. the foremost common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.

Hydrogen was discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766 and named by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783.

Physical properties
Appearance	Colorless Gas
Atomic weight	1.008
Atomic number	1
Group	Group 1: Hydrogen and Alkali metals
Period	Period 1
Block	s-block*
Electron configuration*	1s1
Electrons per shell	1
Phase at STP(Standard Temperature and Pressure)	Gas
Melting point	(H2) 13.99K (−259.16°C, −434.49°F)
Boiling point	(H2) 20.271K (−252.879°C, −423.182°F)
Density at STP when liquid at m.p. (Melting point)	0.08988 g/L 0.07 g/cm3 (solid: 0.0763 g/cm3)
Triple point*	13.8033 K, 7.041 kPa
Critical point*	32.938 K, 1.2858 MPa
The heat of fusion (H2)	0.117 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	(H2) 0.904 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	(H2) 28.836 J/(mol· K)
Vapor pressure	15K: 10000P 20K: 100000P

Atomic properties
Oxidation states*	−1, +1 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity*	Pauling scale: 2.20
Ionization energies*	1st: 1312.0 kJ/mol
Covalent radius*	31±5 pm
Van der Waals radius*	120 pm

 

1.  A block of the periodic table is a set of elements unified by the orbitals their valence electrons or vacancies lie in.
2.  The electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons in energy levels around an atomic nucleus.
3.  The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
4.  A critical point is the endpoint of a phase equilibrium curve.
5.  The oxidation state sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound.
6.  Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons to itself.
7.  In physics and chemistry, ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule.
8.  The covalent radius is a measure of the size of an atom that forms part of one covalent bond.
9.  The Van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard-sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom.

Source: Wikipedia

Why do we sweat?

Whenever we work hard or we are nervous or sick, we start sweating. The heart begins to beat faster. Why do we sweat? Where does the sweat suddenly come from?

Sweating can be stinky but it is also a natural cooling process of your body. Our bodies can sweat for various reasons. When your body temperature rises from exercise, heat, stress, or hormone shifts, sweating helps keep your internal temperature at a comfortable 96.6 degrees Fahrenheit. 

Sweat is made up mostly of water but contains sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. What your sweat is made up of depends on which gland is producing the sweat. There are different types of glands in the human body, but only two are generally recognized:

Eccrine glands:

The eccrine glands produce most of your sweat, especially watery. Acrine sweat, however, does not taste like water, as it contains a small amount of salt, protein, urea, and ammonia. These glands are most dense on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, forehead, and armpits but surround your entire body.

Apocrine glands:

The apocrine glands are larger. They are mostly found in the armpits, groin, and breast area. These are often associated with BO and are produced more frequently after puberty. Since they are close to the hair follicles, they typically smell the worst. This is why it is said that stress sweat smells worst than other sweat.

 A person who is not very healthy loses more sodium in his sweat than a healthy person. But everyone's sweat is a bit different. The amount of sweat you produce depends on several factors Body size, Age, Muscle mass, Health status, Fitness level, etc. 

In addition to just cooling down, there are various reasons why our bodies start producing sweat. The nervous system regulates sweating related to exercise and body temperature. It triggers the Eccrine gland to sweat. Spicy foods can stimulate our sweat glands.

Another thing that can increase sweating is consuming large amounts of alcohol. Haimovich explains that alcohol can speed up your heartbeat and dilate blood vessels, which also occurs during physical activity. This reaction, in turn, creates thoughts in your body that it needs to cool itself by sweating.

Theory of Relativity - Only Science

 

Theory of Relativity

Einstein's theory of relativity is one of the most exciting theories in physics. This theory created a new era in the world of physics. According to this theory, space, time, and object or mass are not absolute but relative.

Albert Einstein introduced this theory in 1905 by introducing the theory of special relativity. Scientist Sir Isaac Newton held space, time, and mass to be neutral, meaning that their values would always be constant. But Albert Einstein said that space, time, and mass are not neutral, they are variable.

There are basically two theories of relativity:

1. General Theory of Relativity: General relativity or the general theory of relativity refers to the geometric theory of gravitation discovered by the scientist Albert Einstein in 1915-1918.
2. Special Theory of Relativity: Special relativity or the special theory of relativity is a generally accepted and strongly supported theory of the interrelationship of space and time. Special relativity is considered a special form of general relativity.

Space, time, and mass:

Space:

Sir Isaac Newton: According to the scientist Newton, space is an absolute thing that resides within itself. It is not related to anything outside and is not affected by the environment. For example, the length of an object does not depend on the motion of the object or the observer and is unchanged in the stationary state.

Albert Einstein: The scientist Einstein proved that the three basic quantities (space, time, mass) of classical mechanics change with speed. The length of an object in motion is smaller than the length of a stationary object. Thus the length of the object is compressed with motion.

Time:

Sir Isaac Newton: According to the scientist Newton, time is inherently an absolute quantity, which depends on something outside. Thus time is universal which does not depend on the motion of the object or the observer.

Albert Einstein: An event occurring in an inert or stationary structure can be observed from any other structure moving relative to that structure and it can be seen that the time interval between events has increased. This is called time dilation. Thus time expands with speed.

Mass:

Sir Isaac Newton: In Newtonian mechanics, the mass of an object is a fundamental quantity that is not dependent on its motion.

Albert Einstein: As the object moves, its mass increases. When an object is in a stationary state, its mass increases when it is in motion. When an object has a moving mass m, a stationary mass m', and an object moving at a velocity v: 

Computer Science

Computer Science and Its areas

Computer Science is the study of computers and computational systems. Unlike electrical and computer engineering, computer science deal mostly with software and software systems which include their theory, design, development, and application.

Principal areas of study within Computer Science include artificial intelligence(Ai), computer systems, and networks, security, database systems, human-computer interaction, vision and graphics, numerical analysis, programming languages, software engineering, bioinformatics, and theory of computing.

Artificial Intelligence(AI):

Unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals(which involves consciousness and emotionality), Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines. Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1955. and since then has experienced several waves of optimism, disappointment, and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches, success, and renewed funding. Artificial intelligence once again attracted widespread global attention after Alpha Go successfully defeated a professional Go player in 2015. Now AI techniques have experienced a resurgence following concurrent advances in computer power, large amounts of data, and theoretical understanding; and AI techniques have become an essential part of the technology industry, helping to solve many challenging problems in computer science, software engineering, and operations research.

Computer systems:

Computer System is a collection of entities(hardware, software, and liveware) that are designed to receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful format.

• Computer hardware: Computer hardware Are physical parts/ intangible parts of a computer. eg Input devices, output devices, central processing unit, and storage devices
• Computer software: Computer software is also known as programs or applications. They are classified into two classes namely - system software and application software
• Liveware: Liveware is the computer user. Also, known as orgwareor the humanware. The user commands the computer system to execute instructions.

Networks:

A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. As an example Internet connects millions of people all over the world. There are mainly four types of computer networks.

• LAN(Local Area Network)
• PAN(Personal Area Network)
• MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
• WAN(Wide Area Network)

Security:

Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security is the protection of computer systems and networks from the theft of or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. (Wikipedia)

Database systems:

A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. This data is accessed by a Database Management System (DBMS) which consists of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database.

Human-Computer interaction:

Human-computer interaction(HCI) is a multidisciplinary field of study focusing on the design of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans and computers.

Vision and graphics:

Visual computing is a generic term for all computer science disciplines dealing with images and 3D models, such as computer graphics, image processing, visualization, computer vision, virtual and augmented reality, and video processing.

Numerical analysis:

Numerical analysis, an area of mathematics and computer science that creates, analyzes, and implements algorithms for obtaining numerical solutions to problems involving continuous variables. Numerical analysis is concerned with all aspects of the numerical solution of a problem, from the theoretical development and understanding of numerical methods to their practical implementation as reliable and efficient computer programs.

Programming languages:

Computer programming languages allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer understands. Just as many human-based languages exist, there are an array of computer programming languages that programmers can use to communicate with a computer. Some of those languages are:

• Python
• C/C++
• Java
• Ruby
• Swift

Software engineering:

Software engineering is a detailed study of engineering to the design, development and maintenance of software. Software engineering was introduced to address the issues of low-quality software projects.

Bioinformatics:

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field bringing together biology, computer science, mathematics, statistics, and information theory to analyze biological data for interpretation and prediction. One popular approach is to develop a predictive computer model from a database of known gene sequences and use the resulting model to predict where genes are likely to be in newly generated sequence information.

Theory of computing:

The theory of computation is the branch that deals with what problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm, how efficiently they can be solved, or to what degree (e.g., approximate solutions versus precise ones).

Blender 2.9+ shortcuts

Blender Shortcuts

Here are all the commands which are universally accepted as Blender shortcuts across all the Blender versions. Here are all the most commonly used Blender shortcut keys used by Blender users across the world

General Shortcuts

Function	Shortcut
Open toolbar	T
Open properties	N
Add object/Node	Shift+A
Delete	X or Delete
Search for function	F3
Move	G
Scale	S
Rotate	R
Move, Scale or Rotate along the axis	G, S, or R then X/Y/Z
Move, Scale or Rotate along local axis	G, S, or R then X+X/Y+Y/Z+Z
Trackball Rotate	R+R
Precise movement	Shift (Hold)
Incremental movement	Ctrl (Hold)
Duplicate	Shift+D
Duplicate Linked	Alt+D
Hide	H
Unhide All	Alt+H
Hide All except selected	Shift+H
Annotate	D(Hold)+LMB(Drag)
Erase Annotation	D(Hold)+RMB(Drag)
Quick Favs Menu	Q

Navigation 3D viewport

Pie of View.

Function	Shortcut
Orbit	MMB(Drag)
Pan	Shift+MMB(Drag)
Zoom in/out	Scroll or Shift+MMB(Drag)
Fly	Shift+~
Get out of the Flying mode	RMB
Isolate	Numpad /
Focus	Numpad .
Camera	Numpad 0
Front view	Numpad 1
Go Down	Numpad 2
Side View	Numpad 3
Perspective-Orthographic	Numpad 5
Top view	Numpad 7
Go Up	Numpad 8
Opposite view	Numpad 9
Pie view menu	~
Fast view switch	Alt+MMB(Drag)
Show all objects	Home
Zoom to region	Shift+B

Windows keyboard shortcuts

Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL+A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Select All

CTRL+C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy

CTRL+X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut

CTRL+V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paste

CTRL+Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undo

CTRL+B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bold

CTRL+U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underline

CTRL+I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italic

F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Help

F2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . Rename selected object

F3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . Find all files

F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Opens file list drop-down in dialogs

F5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Refresh current window

F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shifts focus in Windows Explorer

F10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activates menu bar options

ALT+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cycles between open applications

ALT+F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quit program, close current window

ALT+F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch between current program windows

ALT+ENTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens properties dialog

ALT+SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System menu for current window

ALT+¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . opens drop-down lists in dialog boxes

BACKSPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch to parent folder

CTRL+ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens Start menu

CTRL+ALT+DEL . . . . . . . . . . Opens task manager, reboots the computer

CTRL+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Move through property tabs

CTRL+SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . Create shortcut (also right-click, drag)

CTRL+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy File

ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancel last function

SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press/hold SHIFT, insert CD-ROM to bypass auto-play

SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . Move file

SHIFT+F10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens context menu (same as right-click)

SHIFT+DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . Full wipe delete (bypasses Recycle Bin)

ALT+underlined letter . . . . Opens the corresponding menu

PC Keyboard Shortcuts

Document Cursor Controls

HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to beginning of line or far left of field or screen

END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to end of line, or far right of field or screen

CTRL+HOME . . . . . . . . to the top

CTRL+END . . . . . . . . . . to the bottom

PAGE UP . . . . . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog box up one page

PAGE DOWN . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog down one page

ARROW KEYS . . . . . . . move focus in documents, dialogs, etc.

CTRL+ > . . . . . . . . . . . . next word

CTRL+SHIFT+ > . . . . . . selects word

Windows Explorer Tree Control

Numeric Keypad * . . . Expand all under the current selection

Numeric Keypad + . . . Expands current selection

Numeric Keypad – . . . Collapses current selection

¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expand current selection or go to first child

‰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collapse current selection or go to parent

Special Characters

‘ Opening single quote . . . alt 0145

’ Closing single quote . . . . alt 0146

“ Opening double quote . . . alt 0147

“ Closing double quote. . . . alt 0148

– En dash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0150

— Em dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0151

… Ellipsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0133

• Bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0149

® Registration Mark . . . . . . . alt 0174

© Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0169

™ Trademark . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0153

° Degree symbol. . . . . . . . . alt 0176

¢ Cent sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0162

1⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0188

1⁄2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0189

3⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0190

é . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0233

É . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0201

ñ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0241

÷ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0247

File menu options in current program

Alt + E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Edit options in current program

F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Universal help (for all programs)

Ctrl + A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Select all text

Ctrl + X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Cut selected item

Shift + Del  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut selected item

Ctrl + C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Copy selected item

Ctrl + Ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Copy selected item

Ctrl + V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Paste

Shift + Ins  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paste

Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Go to beginning of current line

Ctrl + Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Go to beginning of document

End  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Go to end of current line

Ctrl + End  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Go to end of document

Shift + Home  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlight from current position to beginning of line

Shift + End  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlight from current position to end of line

Ctrl + f  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Move one word to the left at a time

Ctrl + g  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Move one word to the right at a time

MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® SHORTCUT KEYS

Alt + Tab  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch between open applications

Alt + Shift + Tab  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch backwards between open applications

Alt + Print Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Create screen shot for current program

Ctrl + Alt + Del . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Reboot/Windows® task manager

Ctrl + Esc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Bring up start menu

Alt + Esc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Switch between applications on taskbar

F2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Rename selected icon

F3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Start find from desktop

F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open the drive selection when browsing

F5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Refresh contents

Alt + F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Close current open program

Ctrl + F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Close window in program

Ctrl + Plus Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automatically adjust widths of all columns in Windows Explorer

Alt + Enter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open properties window of selected icon or program

Shift + F10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Simulate right-click on selected item

Shift + Del . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Delete programs/files permanently

Holding Shift During Bootup Boot safe mode or bypass system files

Holding Shift During Bootup When putting in an audio CD, will prevent CD Player from playing

WINKEY SHORTCUTS

WINKEY + D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Bring desktop to the top of other windows

WINKEY + M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Minimize all windows

WINKEY + SHIFT + M  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + D

WINKEY + E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open Microsoft Explorer

WINKEY + Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Cycle through open programs on taskbar

WINKEY + F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Display the Windows® Search/Find feature

WINKEY + CTRL + F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Display the search for computers window

WINKEY + F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Display the Microsoft® Windows® help

WINKEY + R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open the run window

WINKEY + Pause /Break  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Open the system properties window

WINKEY + U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open utility manager

WINKEY + L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Lock the computer (Windows XP® & later)

OUTLOOK® SHORTCUT KEYS

Alt + S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Send the email

Ctrl + C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Copy selected text

Ctrl + X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Cut selected text

Ctrl + P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open print dialog box

Ctrl + K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Complete name/email typed in address bar

Ctrl + B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Italicize highlighted selection

Ctrl + U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Reply to an email

Ctrl + F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Forward an email

Ctrl + N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Create a new email

Ctrl + Shift + A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Create a new appointment to your calendar

Ctrl + Shift + O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open the outbox

Ctrl + Shift + I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open the inbox

Ctrl + Shift + K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Add a new task

Ctrl + Shift + C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Create a new contact

Ctrl + Shift+ J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Create a new journal entry

WORD® SHORTCUT KEYS

Ctrl + A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Select all contents of the page

Ctrl + B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Copy selected text

Ctrl + X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Cut selected text

Ctrl + N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open new/blank document

Ctrl + O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open options

Ctrl + P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open the print window

Ctrl + F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Open find box

Ctrl + I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Italicize highlighted selection

Ctrl + K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Insert link

Ctrl + U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Paste

Ctrl + Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Redo the last action performed

Ctrl + Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Undo last action

Ctrl + G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Find and replace options

Ctrl + H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Find and replace options

Ctrl + J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Justify paragraph alignment

Ctrl + L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Align selected text or line to the left

Ctrl + Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Align selected paragraph to the left

Ctrl + E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Align selected

©Career Help BD

 15 amazing science facts

1. Babies have around 100 more bones than adults

At birth, Babies have about 300 bones, with cartilage between many of them. This extra flexibility helps them pass through the birth canal and also allows for rapid growth. With age, many of the bones fuse, leaving 206 bones that make up an average adult skeleton.

2. The Eiffel Tower can be 15 cm taller during the summer

When a substance is heated up, its particles move more and it takes up a larger volume – this is known as thermal expansion. Conversely, a drop in temperature causes it to contract again. The mercury level inside a thermometer, for example, rises and falls as the mercury’s volume changes with the ambient temperature. This effect is most dramatic in gases but occurs in liquids and solids such as iron too. For this reason, large structures such as bridges are built with expansion joints which allow them some leeway to expand and contract without causing any damage.

3. 20% of Earth’s oxygen is produced by the Amazon rain-forest

Our atmosphere is made up of roughly 78 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen, with various other gases present in small amounts. The vast majority of living organisms on Earth need oxygen to survive, converting it into carbon dioxide as they breathe. Thankfully, plants continually replenish our planet’s oxygen levels through photosynthesis. During this process, carbon dioxide and water are converted into energy, releasing oxygen as a by-product. Covering 5.5 million square kilometres (2.1 million square miles), the Amazon rain-forest cycles a significant proportion of the Earth’s oxygen, absorbing large quantities of carbon dioxide at the same time.

4. Some metals are so reactive that they explode on contact with water

There are certain metals – including potassium, sodium, lithium, rubidium and cesium – that are so reactive that they oxidize (or tarnish) instantly when exposed to air. They can even produce explosions when dropped in water! All elements strive to be chemically stable – in other words, to have a full outer electron shell. To achieve this, metals tend to shed electrons. The alkali metals have only one electron on their outer shell, making them ultra-keen to pass on this unwanted passenger to another element via bonding. As a result they form compounds with other elements so readily that they don’t exist independently in nature.

5. A teaspoonful of neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons

A neutron star is the remnants of a massive star that has run out of fuel. The dying star explodes in a supernova while its core collapses in on itself due to gravity, forming a super-dense neutron star. Astronomers measure the mind-mindbogglingly large masses of stars or galaxies in solar masses, with one solar mass equal to the Sun’s mass (that is, 2 x 1030 kilograms/4.4 x 1030 pounds). Typical neutron stars have a mass of up to three solar masses, which is crammed into a sphere with a radius of approximately ten kilometres (6.2 miles) – resulting in some of the densest matter in the known universe.

6. Hawaii moves 7.5 cm closer to Alaska every year

The Earth’s crust is split into gigantic pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are in constant motion, propelled by currents in the Earth’s upper mantle. Hot, less-dense rock rises before cooling and sinking, giving rise to circular convection currents which act like giant conveyor belts, slowly shifting the tectonic plates above them. Hawaii sits in the middle of the Pacific Plate, which is slowly drifting north-west towards the North American Plate, back to Alaska. The plates’ pace is comparable to the speed at which our fingernails grow.

7. Chalk is made from trillions of microscopic plankton fossils

Tiny single-celled algae called Coccolithophores have lived in Earth’s oceans for 200 million years. Unlike any other marine plant, they surround themselves with minuscule plates of calcite (chocoholics). Just under 100 million years ago, conditions were just right for coccolithophores to accumulate in a thick layer coating ocean floors in a white ooze. As further sediment built up on top, the pressure compressed the coccoliths to form rock, creating chalk deposits such as the white cliffs of Dover. Coccolithophores are just one of many prehistoric species that have been immortalized in fossil form, but how do we know how old they are? Over time, rock forms in horizontal layers, leaving older rocks at the bottom and younger rocks near the top. By studying the type of rock in which a fossil is found paleontologists can roughly guess its age. Carbon dating estimates a fossil’s age more precisely, based on the rate of decay of radioactive elements such as carbon-14.

8. In 2.3 billion years it will be too hot for life to exist on Earth

Over the coming hundreds of millions of years, the Sun will continue to get progressively brighter and hotter. In just over 2 billion years, temperatures will be high enough to evaporate our oceans, making life on Earth impossible. Our planet will become a vast desert similar to Mars today. As it expands into a red giant in the following few billion years, scientists predict that the Sun will finally engulf Earth altogether, spelling the definite end for our planet.

9. Polar bears are nearly undetectable by infrared cameras

Thermal cameras detect the heat lost by a subject as infrared, but polar bears are experts at conserving heat. The bears keep warm due to a thick layer of blubber under the skin. Add to this a dense fur coat and they can endure the chilliest Arctic day.

10. It takes 8 minutes, 19 seconds for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth

In space, light travels at 300,000 kilometres (186,000 miles) per second. Even at this breakneck speed, covering the 150 million odd kilometres (93 million miles) between us and the Sun takes considerable time. And eight minutes is still very little compared to the five and a half hours it takes for the Sun’s light to reach Pluto.

11. If you took out all the empty space in our atoms, the human race could fit in the volume of a sugar cube

The atoms that make up the world around us seem solid but are in fact over 99.99999 per cent empty space. An atom consists of a tiny, dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons, spread over a proportionately vast area. This is because as well as being particles, electrons act like waves. Electrons can only exist where the crests and troughs of these waves add up correctly. And instead of existing in one point, each electron’s location is spread over a range of probabilities – an orbital. They thus occupy a huge amount of space.

12. Stomach acid is strong enough to dissolve stainless steel

Your stomach digests food thanks to highly corrosive hydrochloric acid with a pH of 2 to 3. This acid also attacks your stomach lining, which protects itself by secreting an alkali bicarbonate solution. The lining still needs to be replaced continually, and it entirely renews itself every four days.

13. The Earth is a giant magnet

Earth’s inner core is a sphere of solid iron, surrounded by liquid iron. Variations in temperature and density create currents in this iron, which in turn produce electrical currents. Lined up by the Earth’s spin, these currents combine to create a magnetic field, used by compass needles worldwide.

14. Venus is the only planet to spin clockwise

Our Solar System started off as a swirling cloud of dust and gas which eventually collapsed into a spinning disc with the Sun at its center. Because of this common origin, all the planets move around the Sun in the same direction and on roughly the same plane. They also all spin in the same direction (counterclockwise if observed from ‘above’) – except Uranus and Venus. Uranus spins on its side, while Venus defiantly spins in the complete opposite direction. The most likely cause of these planetary oddballs are gigantic asteroids which knocked them off course in the distant past.

15. A flea can accelerate faster than the Space Shuttle

A jumping flea reaches dizzying heights of about eight centimetres (three inches) in a millisecond. Acceleration is the change in speed of an object over time, often measured in ‘g’s, with one g equal to the acceleration caused by gravity on Earth (9.8 metres/32.2 feet per square second). Fleas experience 100 g, while the Space Shuttle peaked at around 5 g. The flea’s secret is a stretchy rubber-like protein which allows it to store and release energy like a spring.

Source: how it works daily

Nanotechnology - Only Science 360

Nano-Tech

Definition

A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology or Nano-tech is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supra-molecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macro-scale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. Nano-science and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and it can be used across all the other science fields, such as biology, chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative. Which defined nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nano meters.

How it started?

The ideas and concepts behind Nano-science and Nanotechnology started with a talk entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959. It was long before the term nanotechnology was used. Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules.  Over a decade later, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology, in his explorations of ultra precision machining. It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the scanning tunneling microscope that could see individual atoms, that modern nanotechnology began.

Aplication of Nano-tech

There are many uses of nano-tech. Nanotechnology is being used in developing countries to help treat disease and prevent health issues and The umbrella term for this kind of nanotechnology is Nano-medicine. Nanotechnology is also being developed for application to a variety of industrial and purification processes. 

Nanoscale surface treatments of fabrics can provide lightweight ballistic energy deflection in personal body armor, or can help them resist wrinkling, staining, and bacterial growth. Clear nanoscale films on eyeglasses, computer and camera displays, windows, and other surfaces can make them water-repellent and residue-repellent, anti-reflective, self-cleaning, resistant to ultraviolet or resistant to infrared light, anti-fog, anti-microbial, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive.Novel nanoparticles deliver CRISPR gene-editing tools into the cell with much higher efficiency. Transistors, the basic switches that enable all modern computing, have gotten smaller and smaller through nanotechnology. Researchers are investigating carbon nanotube “scrubbers” and membranes to separate carbon dioxide from power plant exhaust.

Source: nano.gov and Wikipedia